(the voice of any favorite speaker), so, my dear listeners, today I, like a mannequin for a mannequin, will talk about molar calculus. Why it is useful, necessary and very convenient in calculations. Today we will learn how to calculate the amount of substances for reactions on our own, instead of shitting (, crossed out), clogging up all the same questions on all topics on the forums. Considering that I myself have recently become acquainted with such a science as chemistry, I will try to explain it to you in the most accessible language...
BASIC CONCEPTS. There aren't many of them. More precisely, one (concept). It's a MOLE.
Mole (masculine), i.e. like a dick (I apologize to the girls) - one mole, two moles, etc. It's not an insect. This is a unit of measurement that will open the way for you to a big and smart look that you can do by explaining it to dummies. Well, at the same time to count everything, but these are trifles... A mole is the SAME NUMBER of molecules of a substance. AND - ANYONE. Who is interested, can get into Wikipedia, and even see how many it is in pieces (molecules) - (spoiler - fucking and a little more). But the magic is that this very number is NOT IMPORTANT for calculations and you don't have to remember it. IT IS IMPORTANT that 1 mole of any substance contains the SAME number of MOLECULES as 1 mole of ANY OTHER substance. That is, once again - 1 mole of water contains as many molkules as 1 mole of oxygen, 1 mole of mephedrone, 1 mole of iron, uranium, plutonium and potassium cyanide. That is, if we take 1 mole of any substance and start counting its molecules, then we will count the same amount, plus or minus a couple of pieces, well, if you didn't buy it on the Armenian market... but this is not a question of chemistry.
congratulations. You have already read the most difficult part. Everything else follows directly from this definition of a mole. Now we will learn to put this into practice.
Let's take a simple reaction. 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O Water is obtained from hydrogen and oxygen. If you find the reaction easier, you can write to me, we will analyze it. In this reaction, we see that two hydrogen molecules H2 combine with one oxygen molecule O2 and two water molecules H2O are obtained. And if you remember what is written two paragraphs above, you will understand that TWO moles of hydrogen molecules H2 are combined with ONE mole of oxygen molecules O2 and TWO moles of water H2O are obtained. And for this reaction, EXACTLY so many moles of both are needed, and not a drop more. That is, if you take THREE moles of hydrogen H2, then one will be superfluous, and will not react. And the reaction will look like this: 3H2+O2 = 2H2O+H2 (this is your extra mole).
Let's take a more complicated reaction, which is used, for example, in gas tanks to obtain gaseous HCl (and acidify it with mefa). 2NaCl+H2SO4=Na2SO4+2HCl. That is, we take TWO moles of NaCl (ordinary table salt) and ONE mole of 100% sulfuric acid (about the percentages a little later). And we get TWO moles of HCl, which is enough to acidify TWO moles from mephedrone. And acidify again, if you do not lose this very smelly and dangerous gas on the way, for example, into your own nose, which I strongly advise you not to do.
And here we turn to the most interesting (for those who have finished reading, and did not run to beg for ready-made recipes on the forum) - AND HOW TO COUNT THESE SAME MOTHS OF ANY SUBSTANCE??? I am responsible (for the bazaar) - VERY SIMPLY. Even easier than everything you just read.
SO: We take the table of our wonderfulPushkin Mendeleev. And look carefully at the cell where the element (any) is located. For example, the third element is Lithium (it is also conveniently placed on the right in a separate window).
What we see. Each element has an atomic number (we don't need it). And we see the parameter RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS. That's what we need. Lithium has 6,939. THIS IS THE WEIGHT OF 1 MOLE OF THIS SUBSTANCE. IN GRAMS. THAT'S IT!!!
so. one more time. BY SYLLABLES. One mole of lithium weighs 6,939 GRAMS. One mole of iron - (look at the plate) - 55,847 GRAMS. Etc.
Now with molecules. It's even easier here. Most gases have molecules of two atoms. Hydrogen - H2. The weight of 1 mole of such molecules is EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF AN ATOM MULTIPLIED BY TWO (then two atoms). Oxygen (which is O2) - 15,999*2=35,998. For convenience, you canbargain round to an integer, or half an integer, or the first decimal place - 36 for example. We are all a bit of merchants at heart). One mole of oxygen (which has 2 atoms in each molecule) is 36 grams. And period.
And we return to our very first formula: 2H2 +O2 = 2H2O. Two moles of hydrogen (2 times 2 grams) + One mole of oxygen (32 grams) = Two moles of water (2 times 18 grams). It fits. You can go and have some tea. Finally, remember - THE MOLAR WEIGHT OF ANY MOLECULE IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE WEIGHTS OF ALL ITS ATOMS. TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THEIR NUMBER IN THE MOLECULE.
BASIC CONCEPTS. There aren't many of them. More precisely, one (concept). It's a MOLE.
Mole (masculine), i.e. like a dick (I apologize to the girls) - one mole, two moles, etc. It's not an insect. This is a unit of measurement that will open the way for you to a big and smart look that you can do by explaining it to dummies. Well, at the same time to count everything, but these are trifles... A mole is the SAME NUMBER of molecules of a substance. AND - ANYONE. Who is interested, can get into Wikipedia, and even see how many it is in pieces (molecules) - (spoiler - fucking and a little more). But the magic is that this very number is NOT IMPORTANT for calculations and you don't have to remember it. IT IS IMPORTANT that 1 mole of any substance contains the SAME number of MOLECULES as 1 mole of ANY OTHER substance. That is, once again - 1 mole of water contains as many molkules as 1 mole of oxygen, 1 mole of mephedrone, 1 mole of iron, uranium, plutonium and potassium cyanide. That is, if we take 1 mole of any substance and start counting its molecules, then we will count the same amount, plus or minus a couple of pieces, well, if you didn't buy it on the Armenian market... but this is not a question of chemistry.
congratulations. You have already read the most difficult part. Everything else follows directly from this definition of a mole. Now we will learn to put this into practice.
Let's take a simple reaction. 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O Water is obtained from hydrogen and oxygen. If you find the reaction easier, you can write to me, we will analyze it. In this reaction, we see that two hydrogen molecules H2 combine with one oxygen molecule O2 and two water molecules H2O are obtained. And if you remember what is written two paragraphs above, you will understand that TWO moles of hydrogen molecules H2 are combined with ONE mole of oxygen molecules O2 and TWO moles of water H2O are obtained. And for this reaction, EXACTLY so many moles of both are needed, and not a drop more. That is, if you take THREE moles of hydrogen H2, then one will be superfluous, and will not react. And the reaction will look like this: 3H2+O2 = 2H2O+H2 (this is your extra mole).
Let's take a more complicated reaction, which is used, for example, in gas tanks to obtain gaseous HCl (and acidify it with mefa). 2NaCl+H2SO4=Na2SO4+2HCl. That is, we take TWO moles of NaCl (ordinary table salt) and ONE mole of 100% sulfuric acid (about the percentages a little later). And we get TWO moles of HCl, which is enough to acidify TWO moles from mephedrone. And acidify again, if you do not lose this very smelly and dangerous gas on the way, for example, into your own nose, which I strongly advise you not to do.
And here we turn to the most interesting (for those who have finished reading, and did not run to beg for ready-made recipes on the forum) - AND HOW TO COUNT THESE SAME MOTHS OF ANY SUBSTANCE??? I am responsible (for the bazaar) - VERY SIMPLY. Even easier than everything you just read.
SO: We take the table of our wonderful
What we see. Each element has an atomic number (we don't need it). And we see the parameter RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS. That's what we need. Lithium has 6,939. THIS IS THE WEIGHT OF 1 MOLE OF THIS SUBSTANCE. IN GRAMS. THAT'S IT!!!
so. one more time. BY SYLLABLES. One mole of lithium weighs 6,939 GRAMS. One mole of iron - (look at the plate) - 55,847 GRAMS. Etc.
Now with molecules. It's even easier here. Most gases have molecules of two atoms. Hydrogen - H2. The weight of 1 mole of such molecules is EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF AN ATOM MULTIPLIED BY TWO (then two atoms). Oxygen (which is O2) - 15,999*2=35,998. For convenience, you can
And we return to our very first formula: 2H2 +O2 = 2H2O. Two moles of hydrogen (2 times 2 grams) + One mole of oxygen (32 grams) = Two moles of water (2 times 18 grams). It fits. You can go and have some tea. Finally, remember - THE MOLAR WEIGHT OF ANY MOLECULE IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE WEIGHTS OF ALL ITS ATOMS. TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THEIR NUMBER IN THE MOLECULE.
